Hi Toby,

Re: Rohl,

Let's start at the end, point #6. Hazor. First there is a possibility that Yabin in a dynastic name or repeated family name. Note from the book of Judges that Yabin appears later than the conquest of Joshua. A new city of Hazor was built on top of the MBII city that was destroyed and that one also may have been governed by a Yabin.

The standing stone: unless there is historial writing on it, it could be anything.

Jericho; Kenyon's date is ca. 1550 BC. To early for Ramesses. Middle Bronze II. The problem here is not Kenyon's dates or conventional Egyptian chronology. It is the supposed biblical chronology that created the problem of a mismatch. The Exodus happened in the Second Intermediate Period, prior to the New Kingdom. Pi-Rameses in Exodus is simply an anachronism, like the use of "Pharaoh" in the book of Genesis. As far I I know Rhol used to acknowledge this. He associated Ramesses II with Shishak, a conclusion I don't accept, but nevertheless he places the Exodus much earlier on the Egyptian timeline.

Shoshenq. This Pharaoh is not the cornerstone. Rather Sothic and Lunar dates of the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom are, as well as Radiocarbon dating, which is pretty close back to the 18th century BC with the Kanesh dendro dating. This all argues for a high Egyptian chronology, viz. Rameses II at 1304 BC.

Amenemhet III: I agree with Rohl on synchronizing this ruler with Joseph and that the Bahyr Yusef is connected to Joseph seems probable.


Sobekhotep IV. Contemporary with Moses. Yes, but not during his childhood in my current construction. I have him synchronized with Khyan and per Josephus identify Khyan as Iannes. This would put the Hyksos king and Sob IV into Moses adult years.

I really doubt that Dudimos was the Exodus Pharaoh and rather think it was a 15th dynasty king at Avaris. The 13th dynasty was not in control of the eastern Delta (Goshen). It appears rather that the 15th dynasty was either not in contact with middle Egypt and Memphis or that the latter were all vassals to the 15th dynasty.

Merneptah. Israel occupied the Canannite highlands. Is it possible that Mereptah simply attached Israel's Canaanite vassals during the time of the Judges. I say yes. The empty boast of the Egyptian king is simply propaganda.